Duolingo builds structured LLM prompt system with persistent cross-session memory to power AI speaking practice with Lily
LLMs alone cannot serve as effective language tutors; simply instructing a model to speak a target language with a learner is insufficient, and purpose-specific prompting with predictable structure is required.
Bundling all call instructions into a single prompt overloaded the LLM, causing it to produce overly complex output or forget prepared vocabulary. In a live call, Lily also ignored a user's topic change and returned to an unrelated scheduled subject.
Duolingo implemented separate LLM instructions for pre-call question generation, main conversation, and mid-call evaluation, plus a post-call 'List of Facts' memory system enabling Lily to recall personal details about users across sessions.
Frequently asked questions
What did this team achieve with this AI workflow?
Duolingo implemented separate LLM instructions for pre-call question generation, main conversation, and mid-call evaluation, plus a post-call 'List of Facts' memory system enabling Lily to recall personal details abou…
What failed first in this deployment?
Bundling all call instructions into a single prompt overloaded the LLM, causing it to produce overly complex output or forget prepared vocabulary.
How is this workflow AI workflow structured?
Pre-call question generation → CEFR-level greeting → Free conversation exchange → Mid-call evaluation → Call wrap-up → Post-call memory update.